Sources & Credits

The data center comes full circle

← Back to the page · 24 sources, 7 photo credits

1. R.C. Chu, “Exploring Innovative Cooling Solutions for IBM’s Supercomputing Systems” (presentation). IBM (hosted by Clemson University), 2010. https://mark.people.clemson.edu/ExploringInnovativeCoolingSolutions.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
2. “NVIDIA Vera Rubin POD: Seven Chips, Five Rack-Scale Systems, One AI Supercomputer”. NVIDIA Technical Blog, Mar 16, 2026. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-vera-rubin-pod-seven-chips-five-rack-scale-systems-one-ai-supercomputer/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
3. Delia et al., “System cooling design for the water-cooled IBM Enterprise System/9000 processors,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 36(4). IBM, July 1992. https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.364.0791 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
4. “Sustainable by design: Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling”. Microsoft Cloud Blog, Dec 9, 2024. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/blog/2024/12/09/sustainable-by-design-next-generation-datacenters-consume-zero-water-for-cooling/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
5. Meta’s Odense Data Center (fact sheet). Meta, Feb 2025. https://datacenters.atmeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Metas-Odense-Data-Center.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
6. Shehabi et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (p. 55). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Dec 2024. https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
7. “Cray-2 CPU and cooling tower,” Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing. Computer History Museum, undated web exhibit. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/68/275 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
8. “Luleå goes live”. Meta Data Centers, Jun 12, 2013. https://datacenters.atmeta.com/2013/06/lulea-goes-live/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
9. High-Performance Computing Data Center Heat Capture and Reuse. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), undated web page. https://www.nlr.gov/computational-science/waste-heat-energy-reuse (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
10. High-Performance Computing Data Center Power Usage Effectiveness. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), undated web page. https://www.nlr.gov/computational-science/measuring-efficiency-pue (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
11. “To cool datacenter servers, Microsoft turns to boiling liquid”. Microsoft Source, Apr 6, 2021. https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/innovation/datacenter-liquid-cooling/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
12. “Computer engineers at ORNL pioneer approaches to energy efficient supercomputing”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sep 10, 2024. https://www.ornl.gov/news/computer-engineers-ornl-pioneer-approaches-energy-efficient-supercomputing (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
13. “Exploring a space-based, scalable AI infrastructure system design”. Google Research, Nov 4, 2025. https://research.google/blog/exploring-a-space-based-scalable-ai-infrastructure-system-design/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
14. “How Starcloud Is Bringing Data Centers to Outer Space”. NVIDIA Blog, Oct 2025. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/starcloud/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
15. “Starcloud-1 satellite reaches space, with Nvidia H100 GPU now operating in orbit”. DatacenterDynamics, Nov 3, 2025. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/starcloud-1-satellite-reaches-space-with-nvidia-h100-gpu-now-operating-in-orbit/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
16. “Google’s Project Suncatcher prototype satellite is in orbit”. Google, Oct 1, 2026. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-prototype/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
17. Public Notice DA 26-113, SpaceX application for orbital data centers. Federal Communications Commission, Feb 4, 2026. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-26-113A1.txt (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
18. PG25 Fluid Requirements. NVIDIA, July 2026 (v01 Aug 19, 2025). https://marketplace.nvidia.com/docs/PG25_Fluid_Requirements.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
19. Universal Quick Disconnect (UQD) Specification, Rev 1.0. Open Compute Project, undated specification. https://www.opencompute.org/documents/ocp-universal-quick-disconnect-uqd-specification-rev-1-0-2-pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
20. Leak Detection and Handling. NVIDIA Infra Controller documentation, undated web page. https://docs.nvidia.com/infra-controller/documentation/operations-day-2/leak-detection-handling (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
21. Guidelines for Using Water-Based Transfer Fluids in Single-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid-Cooled Racks. Open Compute Project, undated guideline. https://www.opencompute.org/documents/guidelines-for-using-water-based-transfer-fluids-in-single-phase-cold-plate-based-liquid-cooled-racks-final-pdf/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
22. Best Management Practice #10: Cooling Tower Management. U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program, undated web page. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/best-management-practice-10-cooling-tower-management (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
23. “Meta surplus heat to district heating” (project page). Ramboll, undated web page. https://www.ramboll.com/projects/energy/meta-surplus-heat-to-district-heating (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
24. “Inside the NVIDIA Vera Rubin Platform: Six New Chips, One AI Supercomputer”. NVIDIA Technical Blog, Jan 5, 2026. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/inside-the-nvidia-rubin-platform-six-new-chips-one-ai-supercomputer/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).

Photo credits

• Under the raised floor of a data center, 2008. Photo: Adamantios, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
• Frontier at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2022. It is cooled with warm water and no chillers. Photo: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
• Unveiling the warm-water, liquid-cooled Peregrine supercomputer at NREL’s data center in Golden, Colorado, 2013. Photo: U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
• Meta’s data center in Luleå, Sweden, photographed in 2016. Meta says it is cooled with outside air and runs on local hydroelectric power. Photo: Christopher Down, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
• An immersion-cooling tank, 2017. Servers sit in a liquid that does not conduct electricity. Photo: Rolf Brink, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
• Front panel of an IBM System/360 Model 91, as displayed at the Living Computer Museum, Seattle. Photo: MBlairMartin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
• A Cray-2 supercomputer at the Museum für Verkehr und Technik, Berlin, 2022. Photo: Fridolin freudenfett, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Diagrams drawn by us from the sources cited.

The XOtavo Technology Glossary

← Back to the page · 13 sources

1. “Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA (fact sheet)”. CISA, Oct 2022. https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/fact-sheet-implementing-phishing-resistant-mfa-508c.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
2. “Email sender guidelines”. Google Workspace Admin Help. https://support.google.com/a/answer/81126 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
3. “FTC Safeguards Rule: What Your Business Needs to Know”. Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/ftc-safeguards-rule-what-your-business-needs-know (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
4. “Safeguards Rule notification requirement now in effect”. Federal Trade Commission, May 2024. https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2024/05/safeguards-rule-notification-requirement-now-effect (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
5. “IEEE P802.3bt DTE Power via MDI over 4-Pair Task Force”. IEEE 802.3. https://www.ieee802.org/3/bt/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
6. “10GBASE-T field testing requirements”. Fluke Networks knowledge base (citing TIA TSB-155). https://www.flukenetworks.com/knowledge-base/applicationstandards-articles-copper/10gbase-t-field-testing-requirements (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
7. “RFC 3261: SIP: Session Initiation Protocol”. IETF, 2002. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3261 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
8. “RFC 3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications”. IETF, 2003. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3550 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
9. “Multi-line Telephone Systems: Kari’s Law and RAY BAUM’S Act 911 Direct Dialing, Notification, and Dispatchable Location Requirements”. Federal Communications Commission. https://www.fcc.gov/mlts-911-requirements (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
10. “RFC 9309: Robots Exclusion Protocol”. IETF, 2022. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9309 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
11. “Verifying Googlebot and other Google crawlers”. Google Search Central. https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/verifying-googlebot (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
12. “The /llms.txt file (proposal)”. llmstxt.org. https://llmstxt.org/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
13. “Schema.org”. Schema.org. https://schema.org/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).

ConnectWise Cloud Backup (SkyKick) Incident: What Microsoft 365 Customers Should Check

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1. ConnectWise Trust Center: Cloud Backup (formerly SkyKick) advisory and updates
2. ConnectWise: Cloud Backup technical investigation and remediation guide (PDF)
3. Microsoft Security Blog: AI-driven, large-scale nation-state campaign using ARTEX enables supply chain compromise
4. Huntress: ConnectWise (SkyKick) vendor credentials abused in M365 attacks

Nextcloud Users: Update the Built-in Office App Now (CVE-2026-110447)

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1. Collabora: Unauthenticated OS command injection in the richdocumentscode proxy
2. NIST National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2026-110447
3. CISA: Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog
4. Nextcloud community forum: To Collabora Built-in User: Update ASAP

Nvidia Vera Rubin: A Cable-Free, Warm-Water-Cooled AI Rack

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1. NVIDIA Technical Blog: NVIDIA Vera Rubin POD (Mar 16, 2026)
2. NVIDIA Technical Blog: Inside the NVIDIA Rubin Platform (Jan 5, 2026)
3. NVIDIA Newsroom: Rubin platform announcement (Jan 5, 2026)

Palo Alto GlobalProtect VPN Flaw Now Used by Ransomware Groups: What to Check

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1. Palo Alto Networks: CVE-2026-0257 PAN-OS GlobalProtect Authentication Bypass Vulnerabilities
2. Unit 42: Active Exploitation of May 2026 PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257 (updated October 2026)
3. CISA: Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog

PHP2Shell: What Business Owners Should Do About the New PHP Flaw

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1. CISA: Critical Vulnerabilities in PHP Require Immediate Patching
2. The PHP Foundation: Today's PHP Security Release
3. CERT-EU: Critical Vulnerabilities in PHP
4. watchTowr: PHP2Shell FAQ

SafePay Ransomware: What the New FBI and CISA Warning Means for Your Business

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1. CISA and partners: #StopRansomware: SafePay Ransomware (AA26-293A)
2. CISA: CISA, FBI and Partners Warn Organizations of SafePay Ransomware Actors
3. CISA: Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog
4. StopRansomware.gov